Reality TV Essay

Unscripted program, real people NOT actors in a specific environment Normal people with no discernible talent, no discernible insights, but who are willing, eager to be seen and heard living their own life. -â€Å"real life† television is filmed with out stoppage time, and then edited to catch the viewers eye -certifiable global pop-culture phenomenon Reality TV comes is all different forms now from daily life of real people such as Big Brother and Jersey Shore, sports shows, business shows like undercover boss and dirtiest jobs, talent shows such as American Idol and Dancing with the stars, family shows John and Kate plus 8, and motivational shows like biggest loser and survivor. – This eventually led to being filmed and put on TV in 1948. â€Å"Candid Camera† (CQ researcher: Reality TV: Maryann Haggerty -In 1989 COPS came on air because of the writers guild of American strike. This show followed police during their daily activities. It began with no music or narration just a simple camera following a police. -Over on ABC, beginning in 1990, people were turning their own cameras on family and pets to make â€Å"America’s Funniest Home Videos -In 1992, reality TV was a novelty. In 2000, it was a fad. In 2010, it’s a way of life. Time Magazine article – It wasn’t until the premiere of ‘The Real World’ on MTV in 1992 that we began to witness the emergence of many of the textual characteristics that would come to define the genre’s current format,† -In 2008, the Emmys awarded a stature to the best host of a reality TV show for the first time, which was exciting news to all†¦ – -ABC NBC Fox MTV CBS – -In 2010 Reality TV is now a valid career choice. The New York Times estimated that at any given time, there are 1,000 people on air as reality TV stars. Topic 3: Addictiveness of Reality TV – One reason for their popularity is financial: an hour of reality can cost a few hundred thousand dollars, compared to the one to three million for a scripted drama. – But part of the reason fans become involved in the show is that they get invested in the good guys and bad guys. -That’s how people watch reality TV: you can doubt it, interrogate it, talk back to it, believe it, or not.

Nursing Care Delivery Model

Nursing Care Delivery Patient Centered Care and Team Nursing Brittany Saum Pima Medical Institute Jim Follbaum, RN, MSN/Edu 17th of May 2012 Care Delivery Nursing is ongoing and lifelong, for the nurse and the patient. It is not limited to the time spent in the hospital, but follows the nurse and patient for life. It is the nurse that keeps the patient going and gets to know the patient and it is the nurse that delivers the care to the patient. The importance of the way the nurse delivers this care to the patient can make all the difference to the patients stay at the hospital and whether any teaching will be affective or just overlooked.This paper is a comparison between two commonly used most effective ways of care delivery: Patient-Centered Care and Team Nursing. Patient Centered Care Patient centered care is simply just as it sounds, care that places the patient first. In even simpler terms, patient-centered care is a model in which hospital providers partner with patients and th eir families to identify and satisfy the full range of patient needs and preferences, while simultaneously supporting the professional and personal aspirations of their staff (Frampton S. Guastello, Brady, Hale, Smith, & Stone, 2011). Patient centered care is the right care, the highest quality care and the most cost effective care for that one patient (Peraino, Robert A. MD, FACP, 2008). Advantages of Patient Centered Care There are many advantages to patient centered care. The main benefit is continuity of care. Patient centered care also increases nursing autonomy. In turn, it assists with relationships between the patient and nurse as well as the other health care providers involved in the patients care.Patients and families are able to develop a trusting relationship with the nurse who in turn makes it easier for the patient to recover and be happier during their stay in the hospital. Patient centered care seems to be more effective when teaching the patient as well. It allows the patient and family to be involved in their health care. This makes them more willing and compliant to continue on their regimens and get better sooner. Disadvantages of Patient Centered Care One disadvantage of patient centered care is cost.The RNs spend time to do what an unassisted licensed personnel employee can do therefore increasing the costs. One other disadvantage is that nurse to patient ratios have to be low in order to ensure there is enough time to meet the patient’s needs. This also affects the costs on the hospital. They require more RNs daily therefore increasing patient’s costs as well as the hospitals. Team Nursing Team nursing care became more popular during the 1950’s. This was a way to ease the shortage of nurses and to address problems with nursing as it was. Team nursing assigns staff into different teams.A team within this model usually consists of an RN (registered nurse), a LPN (licensed practical nurse), and a UAP (unlicensed assist ive personnel), (Zewekh & Claborn, 2009). The team leader supervises and coordinates all the care provided by those on the team. The team leader is in charge of making assignments for team based on client’s needs and acuity, taking in consideration the assigned nurses strengths and weaknesses. Because the team leader is responsible for delegating specific duties to staff, communication among team members is a crucial part of this type of nursing.The assignments are disscussed at beginning of shift and a meeting at end of shift is held to summerized care given during the shift and questions and comments about the shift can be made at this point. Advantages of Team Nursing â€Å"Team nursing evolved as a way to address the problems with a functional approach,† (Zerwekh & Claborn, 2009). Team nursing is focused on making assignments based on client’s needs and the member’s. The team leader plans assignments based on acuity of clients needs by taking advantag e of nurses strengths.This allows for the client to have better care. One other advantage ot this type of nursing is that the client workload is shared among the team members. This makes the work easier on all of the staff. The workload is shared allowing everyone to work smarter, not harder. It reduces room for error. Disadvantages of Team Nursing The main disadvantage or team nursing is that the leader is untimately responsible for everyone on the team. They must continually evaluate and communicate with all members of the team to ensure that everything is running smoothly.Some team members may not care for this thinking that they are being â€Å"babysat† and non accountable. One of the basis of team nursing is to have group meetings and discussions at the beginning of shift and end of shift. This can be very time consuming which can cause problems due to financial restrictions in use of overtime. Conclusion In conclusion, all nursing model types work for different situatio ns. They just need to be tailored to each individual situation. Patient Centered Nursing and Team Nursing both have everyone’s best interest in mind, the patient and the nurse.If it works for the situation then use the model deemed necessary to make everyone happy. There are advantages and disadvantages to both, and both are needed in every healthcare setting. The decision of which model the facility will use may vary, but the goal will always be the same, excellent nursing care. Related essay: â€Å"Ati RN Community Health Online Practice 2016 B†ReferencesFrampton, S. B. , & Guastello, S. (2010). Putting Patients First: Patient-Centered Care: More than the Sum of its Parts. American Journal of Nursing , 49-53. Frampton, S. , Guastello, S. , Brady, C. , Hale, M. Smith, S. B. , & Stone, S. (2011). Patient-Centered Care Improvement Guide. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from Patient-Centered Care. Org: http://www. patient-centeredcare. org/inside/abouttheguide. html Gannett Healthcare Group. (2012, May). Group: Team-based care works best against hypertension. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from Nurse. com: http://news. nurse. com/article/20120515/NATIONAL02/105280003 Nursing Theories. (2012, January). Models of Nursing Care Delivery. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from Current Nursing: http://currentnursing. om/nursing_theory/models_of_nursing_care_delivery. html Peraino, Robert A. MD, FACP (2008). Patient Centered Care. Retrieved May 16, 2012, from Patient Centered Care. net : http://patientcenteredcare. net/ Weinstock, M. (2010, March). Team – Based Care. Retrieved May 16, 2012, from Hospitals & Health Networks: http://www. hhnmag. com/hhnmag_app/jsp/articledisplay. jsp? dcrpath=HHNMAG/Article/data/03MAR2010/1003HHN_FEA_gatefold&domain=HHNMAG Zwewekh & Claborn (2009). Nursing Today, Transitions and Trends 6th edition. St. Louis, MO. Saunders Elsevier.

Brazil as a Part of the International Society

Brazil as a Part of the International Society Since the beginning of the century, the supposed European decline and the ascend of emergent countries, such as Brazil, have been widely discussed. However, it appears as if the country has found itself stagnated in the status of â€Å"emergent† for most of the past fifteen years, not progressing or being able to achieve a â€Å"higher† status in the international sphere. But this has been (to a certain extend) an everlasting historical struggle. It was during the 19th century, when Brazil first started to negotiated its access and recognition as a member of an international society of European and global expansion. It sought to establish itself as an independent country in a system deeply marked by asymmetry of power, status, and ranking, developing in the process, instruments to access the world of diplomacy[1]. This essay aims at briefly analyzing how Brazil came to be part of the European –and later global international society. For the authors of the English School, such as Hedley Bull and Adam Watson, the transformation from system to international society was a historical process. According to them, the ancient world had several systems of states but these have eventually evolved into a European international society and, finally, into our universal international society of the present[2]. The most diverse regions of the planet were incorporated into the mold of European society, extending this configuration to the whole world following the Second World War and decolonization[3]. For the classical authors of the English School, Brazil adhered, as part of the process of independence of European colonies, as a kind of Neo-Europe -an admission free of greater obstacles[4]. There were confrontations not only in political, economic, or military terms, but above all in terms of civilizations and cultural patterns. The core of this clashes was the standard of civilization by which different civilizations identif ied and regulated their international relations. The practices that became accepted as civilized were those coming from European countries and soon became demanded by the international system centered in Europe, being used to distinguish those who belong to a particular society from those who do not. Membership was conditioned to a degree of homogenization, requiring non-European states to make social and political reforms and to accept the rules and principles of international society[5]. In the mid 19th century, Brazil and other non-European entities began to demand or be required to join a European core international society. This was an important period of the British imperial turn, in which the planet had been scrutinized, occupied and Europes relations with the world had been redefined based on European interests[6]. At the time, it was not easy to classify Brazil as barbarian or savage, but the domestic government and political elites worked hard to gain recognition of civilization and thus belong to the â€Å"civilized† group. Eventually, this was only to a certain extent successful, since even if a state was to be recognized as independent and legitimate, celebrating treaties and establishing diplomatic relations did not mean, however, necessarily to be seen as a full member of international society[7]. Brazil was a former member of the Portuguese Overseas Empire officially independent in 1822 in the form of a constitutional monarchy. To â€Å"allowâ⠂¬ , even if recognized as legitimate and sovereign state, extraterritorial rights to Western powers, was seen as an important indicator of inferiority and subordination status and that the sovereignty of the country was only partial [8] [9]. Brazil officially only maintained it for a certain period, until 1844, as an inheritance of the Portuguese Overseas Empire. Thus, although it was formally recognized as independent and sovereign, it was not a full member of European core international society, because it lacked the so-called standard of civilization. It is interesting to notice that the option for the title empire[10] can be perceived as a statement of affiliation greater to the Old than to the New World[11]. In 1889, when the Republic was introduced, Brazil underwent a new phase of â€Å"renovation†, distancing itself to a certain degree from Europe and turning to the Americas[12]. In short, during the 19th century, Brazil was a newly independent political community in search of recognition. Another huge impediment to Brazil’s annexation to the international society was the fact that it continued and even came to increase during mid 19th century its dealing with slavery, an institution which played an important domestic role at a time when it no longer had a place in the international society. In other words, it did not meet the â€Å"standards of civilization† required. In relation to that, a historical event worth mentioning is The Paraguayan War (1864-1870). The war helped the Brazilian Empire to reach its peak of political and military influence, becoming the Great Power of South America, besides also helping to bring about the end of slavery in Brazil[13]. However, it also caused a ruinous increase of public debt, which took decades to pay off, severely limiting the countrys growth. The war debt, alongside a long-lasting social crisis after the conflict, are regarded as crucial factors for the fall of Empire and proclamation of the First Brazilian Republic[14].Th de facto suppression of slave trade, came with the Eusà ©bio de Queiroz Law (July 12, 1850)[15]. For the British, Brazil finally fulfilled its previously signed treaties and followed the common principles of humanity and the fundamental precepts of the Christian religion[16]. The process of Brazilian independence dragged on in successive stages between the arrival of the Portuguese crown in Rio de Janeiro in 1808, the formal British and Portuguese recognition between 1825 and 1827, until Dom Pedro Is return to Europe in 1831[17]. The period coincided with the process whereby the Congress of Vienna came to accept new members, nominally the new states of settlement of the American continent. European recognition was formalized through treaties and the establishment of diplomatic relations[18]. It is interesting to consider that due to the fact that Brazil inherited great experience in diplomatic matters from the Portuguese, this expertise made all the difference in the formation of borders, in the management of rivalry with Spanish American neighbors and in obtaining European recognition[19]. The recognition of Brazilian independence, was first made by the African kingdoms of Benin and Lagos and the United States, then by Portugal and Great Britain and othe r European states, with the recognition of the old metropolis, Portugal, and the main power of then, Britain, certainly being most important cases[20]. During the second half of the 19th century, despite the economic and political weaknesses that it still had, Brazil began to a certain point to participate in the international economic order that was established, being present at conferences, adhering to multilateral agreements and to the first technical and economic treaties that established cooperation among States[21]. The Brazilian participation in the Second Hague Convention (1907), which was responsible for dealing with formal issues of war and the creation of a permanent arbitration court, was important for bringing the public a discourse that called for equality between States in relation to international society[22]. It is significant, therefore, the understanding of Brazil as an average power of then. Its participation in World War I, on the British side, more symbolic than effective, finally granted the country a pass which enabled it to participate in the negotiations of the Paris Conference, and, finally, a ticket as a representative in the congress of the League of Nations. This can be considered to have been the definitive internationalization of Brazilian politics then[23]. The Brazilian participation in the universal exhibitions of the second half of the 19th century can also be seen as an effort to be perceived as an equal partner of the international society of that time[24]. Another interesting contemplation, is how the other nations considered the nation’s sovereign and how this was a strong indicative of the international positioning of Brazil then. D. Pedro II was the monarch of the young sister nation, a Christian, and though he was a native of Brazil, he descended from the most important European lineages. The fact that he did not look like a king, wearing ordinary clothes, wearing a straw hat and preferring to give up benefits from his position, rather than disappoint, attracted the American public interested in this monarch of the New world[25]. Brazil, which in the beginning of the 20th century started to take part in international events, increased its participation to the point of hosting the III Pan American Conference in 1906, in the then capital city of Rio de Janeiro[26]. With the destruction of the European international society after WWI and with the restructuration of the system in the interwar period, Brazil was finally able to found itself a place of (more) equality among the members of the new and global international society formed after WWII, with diplomacy and international law proving to be fundamental instruments for a militarily weak state. It is questionable however, to what degree the country is (even nowadays) fully equal to its European and American counterparts in the global international society. To conclude, it its necessary to remark that even though there was a continuous pursuit of adherence to European diplomatic rituals, practices and symbols since its independence, this process parallel lead to the creation of asymmetrical relations with the center of European international society which still exist. For example, Brazilians still commonly refer to Europe and the U.S. as the â€Å"first world†, praising and considering superior everything that comes from the Old Continent and the American leader. The embedded feeling of inferiority, rooted in the past experiences and relations with the European international society have not yet completely disappeared. But the question is, will they ever disappear in the current international order or is the birth of a new one needed? References: [1] GOLDFELD SOCHACZEWSKI, M.; â€Å"O Brasil, o Impà ©rio Otomano e a Sociedade International: Contrastes e Conexà µes (1850-1919)†, Fundaà §Ãƒ £o Getulio Vargas, Centro de Pesquisa e Documentaà §Ãƒ £o de Histà ³ria Contemporà ¢nea do Brasil (CPDOC), August 2012, Rio de Janeiro, p. 20. [2] BULL, H.; A Sociedade AnaÃŒ rquica†, Imprensa Oficial do Estado, Editora UnB; SaÃŒÆ'o Paulo, BrasiÃŒ lia, 2002, p. 15. WATSON, A.; â€Å"A evolucÃŒ §aÃŒÆ'o da sociedade internacional†, Editora UnB, BrasiÃŒ lia, 2004, p. 37. [3] GOLDFELD SOCHACZEWSKI, M.; â€Å"O Brasil, o Impà ©rio Otomano e a Sociedade International: Contrastes e Conexà µes (1850-1919)†, p. 34. [4] GOLDFELD SOCHACZEWSKI, M.; â€Å"O Brasil, o Impà ©rio Otomano e a Sociedade International: Contrastes e Conexà µes (1850-1919)†, p. 38. [5] GOLDFELD SOCHACZEWSKI, M.; â€Å"O Brasil, o Impà ©rio Otomano e a Sociedade International: Contrastes e Conexà µes (1850-1919)†, pp. 39 and 40. [6] GOLDFELD SOCHACZEWSKI, M.; â€Å"O Brasil, o Impà ©rio Otomano e a Sociedade International: Contrastes e Conexà µes (1850-1919)†, p. 40. [7] GOLDFELD SOCHACZEWSKI, M.; â€Å"O Brasil, o Impà ©rio Otomano e a Sociedade International: Contrastes e Conexà µes (1850-1919)†, p. 43 [8] GOLDFELD SOCHACZEWSKI, M.; â€Å"O Brasil, o Impà ©rio Otomano e a Sociedade International: Contrastes e Conexà µes (1850-1919)†, p. 47 [9] DORATIOTO, F.; â€Å"Maldita Guerra: Nova Histà ³ria da Guerra do Paraguai†, Companhia das Letras, 2nd edition revised by the author, 2002, pp. 47-52. [10] DORATIOTO, F.; â€Å"Maldita Guerra: Nova Histà ³ria da Guerra do Paraguai†, pp. 47-52. [11] BETHELL, L.; â€Å"The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the slave trade question, 1807-1869†, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1970, p. 341. [12] GOLDFELD SOCHACZEWSKI, M.; â€Å"O Brasil, o Impà ©rio Otomano e a Sociedade International: Contrastes e Conexà µes (1850-1919)†, p. 54. [13] GOLDFELD SOCHACZEWSKI, M.; â€Å"O Brasil, o Impà ©rio Otomano e a Sociedade International: Contrastes e Conexà µes (1850-1919)†, pp. 55 and 56. [14] GOLDFELD SOCHACZEWSKI, M.; â€Å"O Brasil, o Impà ©rio Otomano e a Sociedade International: Contrastes e Conexà µes (1850-1919)†, pp. 74 and 75. [15] CARDIM, C. H.; â€Å"A Raiz das Coisas. Rui Barbosa: O Brasil no Mundo†, CivilizacÃŒ §aÃŒÆ'o Brasileira, Rio de Janeiro, 2007, p. 52. [16] GOLDFELD SOCHACZEWSKI, M.; â€Å"O Brasil, o Impà ©rio Otomano e a Sociedade International: Contrastes e Conexà µes (1850-1919)†, p. 78. [17] GOLDFELD SOCHACZEWSKI, M.; â€Å"O Brasil, o Impà ©rio Otomano e a Sociedade International: Contrastes e Conexà µes (1850-1919)†, p. 85.

Humans, Technology, Nature, and Spirituality Essay

Humans, Technology, Nature, and Spirituality - Essay Example The main element of religion was compounded in explaining phenomena that confound human to his or her spiritual ability. In most cases, science often attempts to explain natural processes in line with numerous universal laws while applying scientific methods. In most cases, these scientific explanations have since created dire conflicts with numerous religious beliefs. The film BARAKA has also compounded its theme in numerous cultures that are tied to one specific thing, nature. Nature provides humanity to the full understanding and acknowledgement of their mighty creator. Through spiritual belief of different religions, different people connect to their creator by appreciating nature. The same is not true with technology that often tends to provide explanation and pieces evidences on why certain things are usually the way they are. In other words, technology only provides a platform of explaining nature but do not brings connectivity or binding factors between humans and a given ele ment.The film also brings the element of interconnectivity without explanation, that is, human beings can connect to nature without anyone providing convincing explanations to the necessity to such connectivity. This kind of connectivity is only brought forth by spirituality. However, the recording that the same can be appreciated by human being is facilitated by technology. The emergence of technology only tried to expound on the existence of such relationship, but it has never replaced the binding factor, which is the spirituality.

Community Issue Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community Issue Article - Essay Example The leading cause of pollution within urban areas is road transport, which accounts for more than 53 thousand premature deaths. Air pollution refers to the transfer of harmful and discomforting materials in the atmosphere and the environment. Air pollution has been one of the significant environmental issues affecting communities in United States since the advent of industrialization. Increased populations in the urban areas and traffic crowding have increased the toxic chemicals in the air within the cities. This traffic-caused pollution is associated with the likelihood of cancer together with pregnancy problems. Many of industries and power generation plants within the neighborhoods of United States communities emit harmful chemicals into the air. Though these companies assist in the development of the country’s economy, the emissions have adverse effects on people’s health. Scientific studies have also shown that a person’s risk of getting stroke can increase by 30% if they encounter ‘moderate’ amount of air pollution on a daily basis. The adverse effects of air pollution have attracted political and scientific attention. The evidence associating air pollution to premature deaths has made the nation wake up and realize that air pollution is a significant community issue in the urban areas and something need to be done to address it. According to a report by the Voice of America (1), people who die prematurely due to air pollution always die a decade earlier than they would have died. Premature deaths are prevalent in densely populated regions, which increase residential air pollution through heating and cooking emissions. This is most prevalent in the West and East coasts of United States. Air pollution from industries and power generating industries seem to be high and prevalent in Detroit, Chicago and Philadelphia. Gulf coast regions have high air pollution levels

Consumer behaviour Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Consumer behaviour - Case Study Example Situational analysis on the company is conducted to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats which used as a basis of formulating the various alternative strategies for addressing the underlying issue. The best option is selected for the implementation and this option is cost effective and has significant favorable effects to the company. Problem statement Levi Strauss & Co. is a giant apparel company based in San Francisco and it is privately by the Levis for the last 147 years which has been marked by the years of success characterized with increased profits and the overall sale of its cloth wears. Levi Strauss is an all American brand and that its corporate image among the potential and the existing customers has a higher level of publicity. Therefore the goals and the objectives of this giant apparel cloth wear company for the last few years is to constantly sustain their increased sales and profitability, maintain its market share, consistently develop new products that is available to the existing and the emerging market segments through regular company research and development and finally is to consolidate its customer base by maintaining customers loyalty and satisfaction. Unfortunately Levi Strauss & Co in the recently over a period of time has become difficult in meeting these goals and objectives. Notably this trend has been attributed by the consumer changes in the cloth ware and apparel industry where there is frequent changes in fashion and designs thus affecting the changes and preference of the consumers across the entire market segment (Stamatiadis 2009). The key move that Levi Strauss & Co did not take keenly in during this period of fashion change and designs of the clothing wear in this industry is the failure to make changes according to the changes in the taste and preference of their existing customers thus contributing to Levi Strauss & Co being always seasons behind in terms of the emerging trends and designs hence their major competitors. More important is that they have not been able to sustain the market segment that comprises the young comprising of the under twenty five and the kids who have perceive that the Levi’s styles are too tight and they are suitable for the old generation thus resulting into the loss of the market share in which the younger generation has been Levi Strauss & Co major existing customers. One of the major setbacks is the failure to consolidate the younger generation who have been contributing more to their profits (Stamatiadis 2009). These emerging issues has resulted into the company realizing little success in its operations and the overall revenue generation and the loss of the customers and the reduced market share in the cloth wear industry, the changes in the consumer behavior in due to change in their taste and preference has resulted into their competitors such as JNCO, Old Navy and Kirkwear having an added advantage over them this resulting into th e loss of market share from 31% to 17% despite increase in the market of jeans wear and the overall cloth wear in a span of three years. The implication of these problems to Levi Strauss & Co include tumbling sales due to the loss of market share and the existing customers, layoffs of the employees where they reduced the number of employees by 40% laying off over 15000 total number of employees, plant closings due to the reduced sales and the loss of t

An Allegory of Divine Wisdom and the Fine Arts by Paolo de' Matteis & Essay

An Allegory of Divine Wisdom and the Fine Arts by Paolo de' Matteis & Pictura by Frans van Mieris the Elder - Essay Example The essay "An Allegory of Divine Wisdom and the Fine Arts by Paolo de' Matteis & Pictura by Frans van Mieris the Elder" explores paintings by Divine Wisdom, Paolo de' Matteis and Frans van Mieris the Elder. Divine Wisdom is a conglomeration of many subjects to include men, women, angelic beings, and artifacts of a compass and a drawing, clock, laurel wreath, and paddle while Pictura is of a lone woman holding a palette, brushes, and a small plaster sculpture for a model for larger works. Hanging from her neck is a mask on a chain. Divine wisdom suggests a hierarchy of the disciplines where Science is paramount before Painting and Architecture, which may point to the necessity for these two fields of human interest to uphold principles, facts, and knowledge. But these may have to be tempered with Virtue, Time (the clock) and Truth (the unfolding canvass). On the other hand Pictura is said to refer to the Arts and seems to warn of the capacity of art itself to deceive sights through th e art of illusions as suggested by the mask. Both paintings expectedly were influenced by the stylistic characteristics of their period, the masters with whom the painters worked, and the clients of these painters. Paolo trained under Luca Giordano which explains his leanings toward naturalism, a trademark of the Neapolitan school. In his Divine wisdom, he employed the delicate graceful manner (the hand of Science, for example), an influence of a French master, but â€Å"broke into baroque† as exemplified by the rich his work.

The Revolutionary Context of the Constitutional Convention Essay

The Revolutionary Context of the Constitutional Convention - Essay Example e revolutionaries believed that â€Å"proper constitutions†¦depended on consent, but governments existed in order to protect the liberties of all†¦[the revolutionaries searched for a] governmental structure in which liberty and representative democracy could be combined.† While there were undoubtedly fundamental problems with creating the sort of government where the officials held little to no power, Banning argues that â€Å"whatever the Revolution was or would become, its essence lay originally in these thirteen problematic experiments in constructing republican regimes† (PAGE #). As such, it is evidenced that the State Constitutions of the individual colonial governments was a precursor to the greater Continental government establishment, and provided an ideal staging ground for the revolutionaries to experiment with the idea of new government. Arguably, the most significant accomplishment of the Articles of Confederation was establishing â€Å"a permanent confederation presided over by a Congress whose authority would be confined to matter of interest to all† (Banning, PAGE #). The Articles of Confederation, according to Banning, â€Å"did not issue from a systematic, theoretical consideration of the problems of confederation government† (PAGE #). Rather they merely emulated the government practices that had evolved in the State Constitutions over the years. While it was popularly taught that the Articles of Confederation were characterized by a chaotic period in the early colonies, recent scholarship attributes greater credit to the Articles than in times past. For instance, Banning points out that the Confederation years, aside from consolidating the thirteen states, â€Å"secured their independence and won a generous treaty of peace†¦weathered a severe post-war depression†¦and organized the are a northwest of the Ohio for settlement† (PAGE #). The Northwest Ordinance of 1787, in fact, became the basis for â€Å"all the rest of the continental expansion of the

Letter of introduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Letter of introduction - Essay Example I am attracted to this particular field because of the impact that it brings to our social world. It is not just about the trends but it is about giving the people something to feel good about themselves. Comfort and security in one’s image is very important to me. And this is what I want to impart those I can reach through the field I am choosing to become part of. Self-image and self-confidence is very important for me. It is the root of one’s strength and courage to do things for himself and for others. But even if I have my own beliefs and perspectives, I do not reject other’s opinions just because it does not match mine. Differences are challenges for me and it makes me more aware of what’s happening around me. Just like in fashion, people don’t like the same clothes, colors or designs. Everyone has his own style. This is the same as with beliefs and perspectives. But just the same as in the fashion world, the differences gives us color and lif e. I believe that we should learn to compromise and accept that the world can never be just black and white. I hope that I am able to give you a better understanding of how I think about myself and how I would like others to see me. I am looking forward to the learning experience and relationship that we will have this semester. With respect, (insert your full name)

Critique of Quantitative Methods Journal Paper Essay - 1

Critique of Quantitative Methods Journal Paper - Essay Example d in this regard that motivation is one of the key factors, which facilitates people to perform better for attaining their respective desired targets. Besides, modern organisations, in order to withstand in this competitive business world, are viewed to remain continuously engaged in making substantial changes in their policies, which lead towards raising the issue of distress amid the employees. In this respect, the article mainly drawn the framework of ‘transactional stress theory’ in order to evaluate the effectiveness of ‘affect-based model’ of ‘developmental job experience’ (DJE) through which both positive as well as negative outcomes of an individual could be measured (Dong & et. al., 2014). Correspondingly, the essay will critically interpret and evaluate the provided quantitative article, which is mainly concerned about determining the significance of an ‘affect-based model’ of ‘developmental job experience’ as well as the buffering effects of emotional intelligence. DJE refers to the experiences that an individual needs to carry for meeting the demands of the changing working assignment. This will certain provide them a significant opportunity of learning and enriching their inhaled competency of leadership in respect of knowledge, decision making skills, insightfulness and most vitally interpersonal capability (McCauley & Brutus, 2008). This particular approach i.e. DJE has been used by certain renowned organisations including IBM and NASA among others with the aim of developing on-the-job learning procedure of their respective employees. Based on this notion, it can be asserted that the approach aids in advancing the potential skills of the employees, which eventually result in making them high productive. In order to develop overall organisational competency, enhancing the employees’ skills and reducing the unwanted costs are quite important for any organisation in order to gain long-term success. It is often observed that most

Medical Translation Essay Example for Free

Medical Translation Essay Introduction The medical terms to be translated are selected from three articles. Two articles deal with the posttraumatic stress disorder, a kind of mental disease and the other article is about the immune response in transplantation. Medical terms differ from that in daily use, and the same word can have different meanings within various contexts. In addition, many medical terms have roots and affixes which are mostly borrowed from Greek and Latin language, and as a result an analysis of the roots, prefixes and suffixes is necessary in order to translate the terms acutely and succinctly. Some terms can be transliterated into Chinese language while some need to be paraphrased into Chinese according to the context. The translation of medical terms should not only be accurate, but should also be concise, easy to understand and avoid being ambiguous. Article One: Blockade of Lymphocyte Chemotaxis in Visceral Graft-versus-Host Disease 1. Graft-versus-host Disease: Graft means any transplanted or implanted organ or tissue in English, in Chinese language, graft can be translated as â€Å" †. The term â€Å"versus† in English means the situation in which two sides are against each other. In Chinese language, the term refers to â€Å" †, but the term â€Å" † is usually used in military area and it is not concise for the translation of â€Å"versus† in medical field. Comparatively, the term â€Å"? † in Chinese is more suitable for the translation of â€Å"versus† as it is concise and it can reflect the condition in which one part is resistant toward another. â€Å"Host† means the body which accepts the transplantation. In Chinese, the character â€Å" † means the body on which another animal or plant lives (cf. Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary:854). In medical field, â€Å"† can be referred to the body to which the organ or tissue is attached. Therefore, the disease Graft-versus-host can be translated as â€Å" †, a disease in which the transplanted organ is antagonistic towards the body which accepts the implantation and it can lead to the destruction of the host body. 2. Antigen-presenting cells: The prefix â€Å"anti† means being against and antagonistic. The suffix â€Å"–gen† refers to â€Å"that which generate†. Therefore, the term â€Å"antigen† can be literally translated as â€Å" †, a kind of substance that can generate immune response. â€Å"Presenting† refers to â€Å"clinging to a cell surface for detection of other molecules†. In biological process, the antigen-presenting cell can process the antigen cells by taking and presenting them to the lymphocyte cells. In Chinese language, the term â€Å" † refers to recognizing and detecting specific substance and the term â€Å" † means â€Å"taking† and â€Å"bringing†. Consequently, the term â€Å"antigen-presenting cell† can be translated into â€Å" † in Chinese language. 3. Lymphocyte recruitment: Lymphocyte is a kind of leukocyte cell and it is a product of lymphoid tissue, participating in immune activities. In Chinese language, the term â€Å"lymphocyte† is transliterated as â€Å" †, which refers to pertaining to the lymphocyte. The term â€Å"recruitment† refers to the gradual increase and in Chinese language, â€Å" † means a growth and proliferation in number. Therefore, the term can be translated as â€Å" †. 4. Secondary Graft Losses: â€Å"Secondary† generally refers to the second rank in dictionary, but in the context, the term means being derived from what is original and primary. The term â€Å"secondary† should be translated as â€Å" † which means pertaining to progressive. The terms â€Å"losses† means dysfunction and destruction of the transplanted graft and in the context, and it can be translated as â€Å" † in Chinese. Consequently, the term â€Å"secondary graft losses† translated into Chinese is â€Å" †. 5. Myeloproliferative Disorder: The root â€Å"myelo† refers to bone marrow and the term â€Å"proliferative† means rapid growth and increase. The term means an abnormal increase of marrow. Thus â€Å"myelo† can be translated as â€Å" † in Chinese language. The term â€Å"proliferative† can be translated as â€Å" † which means abnormal increase and production. â€Å"Disorder† can be translated as â€Å"? † which means abnormal condition of body. Therefore, the term â€Å"myeloproliferative disorder† can be translated as â€Å" † in Chinese language. 6. Antichemotactic effect: The prefix â€Å"anti† means â€Å"against† and it can be translated as â€Å"? † in Chinese language. The term â€Å"chemotacxis† refers to the orientation of a microorganism in response to chemical stimulus and it can be translated as â€Å" † in Chinese language which means the orientation of an object moving toward or away from something. â€Å"Effect† means result of something and it can be interpreted as â€Å"† in Chinese. Thus the term can be translated as â€Å" † in Chinese language. Article Two: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis, History and Longitudinal Course 7. Shattered Cognitive Assumptions: The word â€Å"shattered† means fatigue, â€Å"cognitive† refers to mental process including thinking and learning and the word â€Å"assumptions† means subjective supposition. The term here refers to the disease with which the patient subjectively cannot stop thinking and assuming something terrible is going to happen without real proof and actually everything is imaginary. â€Å"Shattered† here can be translated as â€Å"†, and â€Å"cognitive† can be interpreted as â€Å" † and â€Å"assumptions† can be translated as â€Å" † in which the character â€Å"? † means â€Å"subjective and imaginary† and â€Å"? † refers to thinking. The character â€Å"? † means â€Å"disease†. Therefore, the term can be concisely interpreted as â€Å" †. 8. Fear Conditioning: The word â€Å"fear† means the feeling that someone thinks he or she is in danger. The word â€Å"conditioning† refers to a situation in which a stimulus originally unable of evoking a response becomes able to cause the response to occur by linking it with another stimulus that does so. The term â€Å"fear conditioning† here in the context means in a particular neutral condition, the patient who suffers posttraumatic stress disorder feels worried and frightened by consistently linking the neutral condition to the unpleasant experience that causes the patient to feel feared. â€Å"Fear† here can be translated as â€Å" †, which means feeling in danger and â€Å"conditioning† can be interpreted as â€Å" † which refers to under a particular situation. Therefore, the term â€Å"fear conditioning† can be translated as â€Å" †. 9. Diffuse Anxiety: â€Å"Diffuse† means not specific or limited and in the context, â€Å"diffuse anxiety refers to a kind of mental disease with which the patient experiences uncontrollable worries and fear without definite reasons. It is a kind of anxiety that has no specific content or focus. â€Å"Diffuse† here can be translated as â€Å" † which means pervasive and not confined and â€Å"anxiety† can be interpreted as â€Å" † which refers to fear and worries. As a result, the term â€Å"diffuse anxiety† can be translated as â€Å" †. 10. â€Å"Shell Shock† The word â€Å"shock† refers to an emergency in which the tissues and organs of a body experience a lack of blood flow and oxygen, and it can lead to severe damage to the body. In the context, â€Å"shell shock† is a mental disease, and it often occurs in soldier who has been hurt by the explosion of cannonballs. Patients with the â€Å"shell shock† generally have symptoms like tremor, headache, difficulty in concentration. â€Å"Shock† can be transliterated as â€Å" † and â€Å"shell† can be literally translated as â€Å" † in Chinese language. The translation of â€Å"shell shock† should be â€Å" †. But the translation â€Å"† cannot reflect the nature of the disorder. As a result, the term â€Å" † which means the neurasthenia should be added to the translation. Therefore, the term â€Å"shell shock† should be translated as â€Å" †. 11. â€Å"Operational Fatigue†: The term â€Å"operational† is pertaining to military and â€Å"Fatigue† literally refers to weariness. In the context, â€Å"fatigue† means mental tiredness and â€Å"operational fatigue† is a mental disorder with symptoms like irritability and tremor. The disorder mainly occurs in soldiers who are influenced by the cruelty of war both mentally and psychologically. â€Å"Fatigue† can be translated as â€Å" † which means unbearable mental and psychological stress caused by war. Thus, the term â€Å"operational fatigue† can be translated as â€Å" †. 12. â€Å"Startle Reaction† The word â€Å"startle† means to frighten or alarm suddenly and the word â€Å"reaction† refers to the response to a stimulus. In the context, the term â€Å"startle reaction† is a symptom of posttraumatic patients who behave and response vigilantly to neutral stimulus. The term can be translated as â€Å" †. 13. â€Å"Sympathetic overreactivity†: The word sympathetic means showing sympathy and understanding. The term in the context means the symptom of patient who over concerns and understands other people’s feelings. â€Å"Sympathetic† can be translated as â€Å" † in Chinese language. â€Å"Overreactivity† refers to abnormal reaction and it can be translated as â€Å" † in Chinese language. The term, then can be concisely translated as â€Å" †. 14. â€Å"Traumatic Neurosis†: â€Å"Traumatic† refers to serious injury to the human body. The term â€Å"traumatic neurosis† in the context means the shadow exerted by traumatic injury to the human body both in psychology and mentality. The term â€Å"traumatic† can be translated as â€Å"† which means relating to physical injury and â€Å"neurosis† can be interpreted as â€Å" † which means the psychological dysfunction and mental fatigue. The term can be translated as â€Å" † in Chinese language. 15. â€Å"Psychological Numbing† The term in the context refers to the aloof attitude of the patient towards the people and events around him or her. People with psychological numbing are frigid and show little concern or care about the outside world. The term is related to the patient’s psychological and emotional attitudes towards the society and â€Å"psychological† can be translated as â€Å" †. The word â€Å"numbing† can be interpreted as â€Å" † in Chinese language which means apathetic and callous. Therefore, the term can be translated as â€Å" †. 16. â€Å"Delayed Referral†: â€Å"Delayed† means something happened latter than expected. â€Å"Referral† refers to the transference of a patient from one clinician to another. In the context, delayed means the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder which may occur latter than expected after the traumatic event. â€Å"Delayed† here can be translated as â€Å" † which means postponement and â€Å"referral† can be interpreted as â€Å" †. Therefore, â€Å"Delayed Referral† can then translated as â€Å"†. Article Three: Neuroimaging and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 17. â€Å"Extinction Recall†: The word â€Å"extinction† means something that is extinguished and disappeared and â€Å"recall† refers to recollection. In the context, the term means the symptom of intrusive recollection of the terrible scenes experienced by the patients who suffer posttraumatic stress disorder. They develop hallucination in brain and experience the scene as if it were happening again. Therefore, the term can be translated as â€Å" † in Chinese language in which the word â€Å" † means again and again, and â€Å" † refers to experiencing and suffering. 18. â€Å"White Noise†: The word â€Å"white† means albus literally, but in the context, the word has another connation. Actually the word â€Å"white† in the article means the noise that can cover the disturbing sound and it is beneficial to human body. Thus the term in the article can be translated as â€Å" †. The term â€Å" † means not being disturbing and â€Å" † refers to noise. 19. â€Å"Flashback Intensity† â€Å"Flashback† means a vivid and sudden and recurrent memory of a past experience. In the context of the article, the term refers to a recurring and lively image of traumatic experience happened in the past. The intrusive memory is so lively that the patient who suffers posttraumatic stress disorder often recognizes the memory as something that is occurring in the real time. Therefore, the term â€Å"flashback intensity† can be translated as â€Å" †. The character â€Å" † means memory, the term â€Å" † refers to flashback and â€Å" † means intensity. 20. â€Å"Concomitant Dissociative Responses: â€Å"Concomitant† means existing at the same time and it can be translated as â€Å" †. The word â€Å"dissociative† refers to separate and it can be interpreted as â€Å" †. The word â€Å"response† means reaction and it can be concisely translated as â€Å" †. In the context, the term means reactions that coexist with posttraumatic stress disorder. As a result, the term can be translated as â€Å" †. Conclusion The medical terms are different from the terms used in daily life and it is characterized by its academic accuracy and conciseness. The translation of the medical terms should not only be a linguistic conversion between two languages, but also be a product in a specific context. English, as an international language, absorbed a large number of Greek and Latin roots and affixes. A good understanding of the roots and affixes is crucial in translating medical terms. By analyzing the literal meaning and the context, the terms can be translated by adopting the strategy of transliteration and paraphrasing. Bibliography Baidu Encyclopeida. http://www. baidu. com/ Collin Cobuild Learner’s Dictionary Concise Edition. 2001. HarperCollins Publishers. Homepage of The Free Dictionary by Farlex. http://www. thefreedictionary. com/ Hudong Encyclopedia. http://xinjiancitiao. hudong. com/ Haici Dictionary. http://dict. cn/ Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary [1988] 2004. Oxford University Press; The Commercial Press. Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Main_Page.

An Analysis on Themes and Writing Techniques Essay Example for Free

An Analysis on Themes and Writing Techniques Essay Explain why George tells Nick the Story of the boy who ordered `bergin`. If this boy is actually George, explain why he does not tell Nick that the story is autobiographical. If the boy is not George, explain why he is so upset with Martha when she relates the story about the manuscript her father, the president of the college, would not let George publish. The play begins with George and Martha having just returned from a party hosted by Martha’s father, who is President of the college where George works as a professor. Martha has invited a new faculty member over for some drinks. It is later revealed that their guests at the after-party are a younger couple; Nick, the young, new professor at the Biology Department and his wife Honey. When Nick and Honey arrive, the seemingly innocent after-party evolves into a night of games, manipulation, confrontation and enlightenment for the two couples. As the night deepens, the effects of alcohol start to take over Martha and George. They start to reveal sensitive things about each other and their marriage. In Act Two of â€Å"Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? † George tells Nick the anecdote of a boy who once ordered â€Å"bergin†, killed his mother with a shotgun, and then after a year, crashed into a tree and killed his father. This happens after Nick confides in George the truth in his decision to marry Honey. He revealed that he married Honey not because he loved her but more because of the prospect of moving up the social ladder. The play also reveals that Honey does not plan on having children and has been avoiding getting pregnant by taking contraceptive pills. The side effects of the pills have been making her weak all along. (KONKLE, 2003) The reason why George did not tell Nick the story of the boy is his story is that he was too ashamed to admit to himself as well as to other people his troubled past for fear that he might be judged according to this incident. (KONKLE, 2003) Another reason why George disclosed the details of the story of the boy who accidentally killed his parents to Nick is to point out to Nick that no matter how perfect or ideal things may seem on the surface in the present, in truth, there is no such thing as ideal or perfect. The reality of life is that things are bound to go wrong all the time and people need to be ready for anything. What matters is how one deals with these difficulties. Nothing is permanent in the world. Sometimes things go the way you expect them to be but they can go the other way. The only thing permanent is change. The best way to cope with change is to recognize it, assess the veracity of the circumstance, and learn to adjust accordingly. It is important to see the reality of the situation so that in case there are problems that need to be solved, the best way to come up with a proper solution is to acknowledge the gravity of the situation. Trying to cover flaws or problems will only worsen the situation. Oftentimes, when this happens, small problems that are left unsolved snowball into an ‘avalanche’ that gets too big that it is bound to leave too much damage. George and Martha started out as a couple with so much promise of success in the future. However, things did not work out as they have planned and as expected. As such, they are having difficulty adjusting to this reality. Instead of accepting the reality of their predicament and exploring other alternatives to get them out of their â€Å"pothole†, so to speak, they chose to remain â€Å"oblivious† to their situation. George and Martha are trapped in their illusion of perfection and are too proud to admit the truth. They are thus thrust deeper in to their â€Å"pothole† of problems. (KONKLE, 2003) George became upset with Martha when she told the story about his manuscript that her father would not let him publish because it exposed his inadequacies. George is a proud man and it is very typical of him to refuse to reveal anything that would make him seem the least bit incompetent. The reality of this situation brought out their frustrations. The incident also highlighted the stark reality of the state of their affairs. Martha’s bickering drew attention to how disappointed that George was not live up to her and her father’s expectations and that she was so disgruntled with her marriage with George. (KONKLE, 2003) What ensued between the two couples reveals the similarities, to some degree, in their marriages. The only difference is that Nick and Honey represent the beginning stages and George and Martha represent the latter. The conversations between the men and the confrontation scenes expose the flaws in both marriages. Through George and Martha, Nick and Honey were allowed to â€Å"peek† into the future state of their relationship. They realize that should they do nothing about the present state of their marriage, they could end up in a place worse than where George and Martha are. For George and Martha, Nick and Honey represent a slice of their past. It allowed them a glance back at the things that have happened, which brought them to where they currently are in their marriage. Reference List KONKLE, L. (2003). Good, Better, Best, Bested: The Failure of American Typology in Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? In B. J. Mann, Edward Albee: A Casebook (p. 44). New York : Routledge.

Tasks on Management Skills

Tasks on Management Skills Task 1 Identify and evaluate the importance of the personal and professional skills, outlined above, for a successful manager, which enable the manager to meet organizational and own goals (1.1a) The changing role of management: Mary Parker the mother of modern management ,defined management as the art of getting things done through people . At one time, that meant that managers were called bosses, and their job was to tell people what to do and watch over them to be sure they did it . bosses tended to reprimand those who didnt do things correctly and generally acted stern and bossy. Many managers still behave that way. Perhaps you have witnessed such managers yelling at employees at fast-food restaurants or shop floors. Today management is changing from that kind of behavior. Managers are being educated to guide, train, support, motivate, and coach employees rather than to boss them around. Modern managers in progressive companies emphasize teamwork and cooperation rather than discipline and order giving. Managers in some high-tech and progressive firms of all kinds dress more casually, are more friendly, and generally treat employees as partners rather than unruly workers. In general, therefore, management is experiencing a revolution. Managers in the future are much more likely to be working in teams, thisll appraise them below them as well as those above, and theyll be assuming completely new roles in the firm. The following table summarizes the managers different roles. Planning Setting organizational goals Developing strategies to reach those goals . Determining resources needed. Setting standards. Directing Leading, guiding, and motivating employees to work effectively to accomplish organizational goals and objectives. Giving assignments Explaining routines Clarifying policies Providing feedback on performance. Organizing: Allocating resources, assigning tasks, and establishing procedures for accomplishing goals. Preparing a structure (organization chart) showing lines of authority and responsibility. Recruiting, selecting, training, and developing employees.. Placing employees where theyll be most effective. Controlling Measuring results against corporate objectives. Monitoring performance relative to standards. Taking corrective action. Some modern managers perform all of these tasks with the full cooperation and participation of workers. Empowering employees means allowing them to participate more fully in decision making. Tasks and skills at different levels of management: Anyone who has ever played a sport such as basketball, football, or soccer knows theres a tremendous difference between being an excellent player and excellent coach (manager). Often a good player will volunteer to coach the neighborhood team and be disaster as a manager. The same thing happens in business. Few people are trained to be managers. Rather, the process of becoming a manger is similar to the sports example. A person learns how to be a skilled accountant or salesperson or production line worker, and then- because of his or her skill- is selected to be a manger. The tendency is for such managers to become deeply involved in showing others how to do things, helping them, supervising them, and generally being very active in the operating task. The further up the managerial ladder a person moves, the less such skills are required. Instead, the need is for people who are visionaries, good planners, organizers, coordinators, communicators, morale builders, and motivators. Managers must have three skills: Technical skills: involve the ability to perform tasks of a specific department such as selling (marketing) or bookkeeping. Human relation skills: include leadership, motivation, coaching, communication, morale building, training and development, help and supportiveness, and delegating. Conceptual skills: refer to mangers ability to picture the organization as a whole and the relationship of various parts to perform tasks such as planning, organizing, controlling, system development, problem analysis, decision making, coordinating, and delegating. The first line managers need to be skilled in all three areas. Most of their time is spent on technical and human relation tasks (assisting operating personnel, giving direction, and so forth). First line managers spend little time on conceptual tasks. Top managers, on the other hand need to use few technical skills. Instead, almost all of their time is devoted to human relations and conceptual tasks. One whos competent at one level of management may not be competent at higher levels and vise versa. The skills needed are different at different levels. The most difficult task for most managers to learn is delegating. Whats delegating? Delegating is assigning authority and accountability to others while retaining the responsibility for results. Managers are usually selected from those who are skilled at doing what the people they manage are doing. As we noted earlier; most progressive managers of the 21 st century will be team leaders. They will set specific goals in corporation with a team of workers, set up feedback and communication procedures (control procedure) , and minimize the tendency to continually look over the teams shoulder to make sure its doing things the managers way . Employees will be given freedom (empowered) to decide the hows and whens of completion of specific tasks as long as the goals are accomplished on time. Decision-making is choosing among two or more alternatives. It sounds easier than it is in practice. In fact , decision making is the heart of all the Management functions. We have six Ds of decision making, which are: Define the problem Describe and collect needed information Develop alternatives Decide which ethical alternative is best Do whats indicated ( implement solution)) Determine whether the decision was a good one and follow up. Managers often have computer terminals at their desks so they can get internal records and external data of all kinds. But again no data in the world can replace a manager who is creative and make brilliant decisions. Decision-making is more art than a science. Its the one skill most needed by managers and leaders in that all the other functions depend on it. Task 2 Provide a range of practical methods suitable for developing or improving the skills discussed in 1.1b Learning managerial skills: We have explored the broad categories of skills needed by various levels of management. Now lets be know more about specific skills needed to be a good manager. a) Verbal skills: The bulk of a managers duty will involve communicating with others. a communicate his idea to others. To prepare for such tasks, he should take oral communication courses. At least half of communication is skilled listening. A good manager mixes with other managers, workers, clients, stockholders, and others outside the firm . he or she listens to recommendations and complaints and acts on them. Active listening requires the asking of questions and feeding back what youve heard to let others know he is truly interested in what they say. b) Writing skills: Managers must also be able to write clearly and precisely. Much of what he want others to do must be communicated through memos, report, policies, and letters. Organizations every where is complaining about many graduates in ability to write clearly (which will affect our future managers). So if from now on, a future manager, develop good writing skills, he will be miles ahead of his competition. That means he must practice writing, it helps to write anything like, diary, letters, notes and so on. With practice he will develop the ability to write easily- just like he speaks. Also with this shill he will be more ready for his career in management. c) Computer skills: The office of the future will be an office full of computers and related technology. Memos, charts, letters, and most of other communication efforts will involve the computer. When a manger is practicing writing, practice on a word processor. The truly efficient manager of the future will be able to effectively use and take advantage of the continuing developments in technology. d) Human relations skills: A manger works with people and that means that good managers know how to get along with people, motivate them, and inspire them. People skills are learned by working with people. good leaders begin early by assuming leadership positions is sports, community groups, and so on. A manager must be aware of how others react with him. If he cause negative feelings or reactions, he has to learn why? He doesnt be afraid to make mistakes and upset others. That is how he could learn. But also he has to learn how to work with others . What is managing diversity? Is building systems and a culture that unite different people in common pursuit without undermining their diversity. Research has shown that heterogeneous (mixed) groups are more productive than homogenous (similar) groups in the work place .men and women, young and old, and all other mixes of people can learn not only to work together but also to work together with more success. In the future, mangers must learn how to deal effectively with people from different cultures. Managers will also be asked to work in foreign countries. The more skilled he can become in other languages and in working with diverse cultural groups, he will be an effective manager. e) Time management skills: One of the most important skills for new mangers to learn how to budget their time effectively. There are many demands on managers time that they need to learn to control telephone interruption, visits from colleagues, questions from subordinates, meetings scheduled by higher management, and such. . This could be by setting priorities, delegating work, choosing activities that produce the mot results and dealing with interruption. f) Technical skills: To rise through the ranks of accounting, marketing, finance, production or, any other functional area , the manager should be proficient in that area. About 60 percent of top mangers have taken courses beyond their bachelors degree. The most common areas of technical expertise among top managers are accounting and finance together. Marketing came in second. Slightly more than half of the top 1000 chief executive officers in the country has a graduate degree. As an example of the skills needed by managers to carry out their work successfully, Ill apply it on my organization and how they are trying to develop these skills from now .They believe that we are the future managers and professors, so we have to learn and apply these skills from now on . I work as a teacher assistant in MIU ( Misr International University). We use to have to attend workshops to improve and develop our ( assistants) skills. These work shops were mainly discussing the following topics : Lesson planning Class management Time management Presentation skills Look at these , these are skills needed from us to have as future professors in MIU.We have to learn how to control a class, how to deal with trouble makers, how to finish what we plan for in the time required..etc. They kept telling us that we are the managers of the class . They resembled the class as an entire organization and Im the leader, manager, controller and evaluator . also they train us to parctice talking in English all the time , to be able to handle all the class teaching in English. Also we have to have excellent computer skills. All of these skills is better off to be learned from now , to apply it in our future careers. This is a simple article from the internet disscussing what should managers do to develop their career. What is expected of me? How well am I doing? Sales Manager: You need to learn how to do relationship selling. Sales Associates response: What exactly does that mean? Executive to manager: You need to be more of a leader and less of a traditional manager. Managers response: What exactly does that mean? The world of work is changing so fast, its difficult to communicate changing expectations quickly and clearly. This is especially true in areas such as sales skills, project management skills and leadership skills. The changes expected in these areas arent easy to observe and measure and, up to now, most companies didnt attempt it. But with competition heating up and hierarchies melting down, the focus on performance and career development has become more intense. For this reason, competencies have become a new tool in the workplace. Competencies are clearly spelled out expectations for a certain role (a leader) or a job (sales associate). They go far beyond a job description to create a template for ideal performance. This tool can then be used for things such as hiring, day-to-day coaching, training and development and performance reviews. Once individuals know what the expected competencies are, the next question is, How am I doing on them now? Many organizations put the competencies into a format that can be used as a feedback instrument. Then they use it to gather 360 degree feedback. This refers to getting feedback from people all around you; your boss, your peers and your employees. Gathering feedback from other colleagues has many advantages. In addition to his or her managers feedback, it also reveals what peers and employees think. It is more comprehensive and less prone to individual bias, since there are multiple perspectives. For example, a manager, who may have thought that his boss was just being picky about his communication skills, will begin to take it seriously when everyone around him is also suggesting that he needs improvement in that area. But there are pitfalls to avoid when setting up competencies and a feedback system like this. If it isnt done well, the damage control will overshadow any good that may have come from it. Here are some things to consider:  · Create a participatory process, where representatives help to establish the competencies and how they will be used. If this process is done to them, rather than by giving them some control, there will be more resistance during implementation.  · Make the competencies as specific to the job as possible. The more generic they are the less effective they will be. In addition, it is key to word the competencies in behavioral language, so everyone knows what the competency means. For example, instead of Effective sales skills, include some behaviors, such as, Builds trust through accountability, honesty and follow-though, or Looks for additional ways to help clients solve their business problem before, during and after the sale, or Makes realistic commitments for themselves and the team, and does what it takes to keep those commitments.  · Use the feedback for coaching and development rather than a for a performance review or to weed out ineffective managers. Although it can eventually be folded into the performance review process, it creates less defensiveness if people have a chance to work on their skill gaps before they are evaluated on them. It isnt fair to surprise employees with a performance review on expectations they havent seen before.  · No matter how open the culture is, people are reluctant to be honest unless they can give feedback anonymously. Later, if managers are genuinely willing to discuss their feedback openly, individuals will come forward with their personal feedback and advice. Initially, each manager should collect data from a minimum of three or more peers and three or more employees so that confidentiality is preserved.  · Time and trouble can be avoided by using an experienced third party to guide the group and to independently gather and tabulate the feedback for each manager. When we help organizations with this process, we find that people are more willing to be honest when they know that a neutral party is doing the tabulation and individual feedback reports.  · Give the data and any summary report back to the manager, not to their boss. Hold managers accountable for creating an action plan that they will co-develop with their manager. The plan should include how they plan to leverage their top strengths and how they plan to improve their weaker areas. The plan should also include how the boss can help with that development.  · An overall report on the organizations strengths and development needs can be used to determine what the training priorities are, what should be included in a core curriculum and where training dollars should be spent.  · An independent third party can provide help to a manager who is struggling with his/her feedback and what to do about it. If they are unfavorably surprised by what their peers or employees think, they will probably appreciate guidance in how to approach their colleagues for more clarity.  · Managers should meet with their manager at least once a year to go over their action plan and discuss progress. The best career development happens on the job, so its important that manager play an active role by coaching their employee, giving them new and challenging assignments that will play to their strengths and develop weaker areas. Companies are realizing that more sophisticated performance management has a bottom -line pay off and individuals are demanding more coaching and development on the job. Systems like these can be a win/win for everyone. Outcome 2 Personal Skills Audit Task 3 Provide evidence of the various personal skills audits carried out as an aid to understanding where you stand with regards to achieving the objective of becoming a more effective manager. These to include the obligatory analyses of the personal learning style and skills audit. Choose from the strengths and weaknesses these reveal, samples that will affect the development of the 4 skills from outcome 1 (1.2a). SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT Good Time Management is an essential quality for anyone who needs to work efficiently and effectively in an everyday working environment. It is essential if you are to achieve the organizations objectives and indeed the individuals personal objectives. There are many techniques which, when combined, give an individual (or team) the skills required to time manage the task effectively. In a nutshell, time management is all about making the most efficient and effective use of your time. Some examples of these skills and techniques are as follows: a. Planning and Organization b. Prioritizing c. Delegating d. Review and Monitoring PLANNING AND ORGANISATION Information/Anticipation: Successful planning requires accurate information from which decisions are eventually made. This accurate information is crucial if these decisions are to be well judged and implemented successfully. An element of anticipation is also a bonus if you are able to best guess a possible arising which may influence your decision. Flexibility: The planning must also be flexible as not all plans are set in concrete Circumstances change and the overall plan must remain flexible and capable of change as the situation determines. Sufficient time spent planning can greatly reduce the overall time taken to complete an activity and should always consider all factors which may have an influence on the tasks final outcome. By giving the objective the correct amount of time in the planning phase, and by factoring in any events which could (if not considered) destroy or devalue the overall outcome of the task. Goal Setting: By ensuring clear goals are set from the outset, and by keeping a constant review of the tasks progress, a successful outcome should ensue when coupled with other skills and techniques in successful time management. Planning should be considered not just in the short term for each single objective but also include daily, weekly and long term planning. PRIORTISING As suggested, planning alone will not necessarily ensure successful objectives are met. Allocated time must also be prioritized in a manner that focuses on the goals set during the planning phase. Many people often spend their day in a frenzy of activity but because they are prioritizing their time correctly, they achieve a lot less output. PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL SKILLS REQUIRED TO MANAGE EFFECTIVELY ATTRIBUTES OF A MANAGER To manage effectively, an individual requires many skills and various personal qualities to enable the successful completion of his, or her, objectives. The skills and qualities combine to shape the management style of the individual and the style can directly affect the final outcome of the task completion. These attributes could be broken into four main headings as follows: Proficiency Technical Competence Social and Human skills Conceptual Ability Within each of the above headings there are many sub groups which all combine to give the individual manager his unique style of management which can, or may not be, particularly effective. SPECIFIC COMPETENCES Communication: Managing well requires sound communication skills above all else. No manager can relay their planning and intentions without this basic skill. It is vital that communication, by whatever means, relays the information to the staff and that more importantly, the information is understood and deliverable. Two way communication is essential, everyone will have some part to play in the exchange of information and the communication process. Planning: Sound planning ensures the objectives are met and met within the framework of the organizations structure. Effective planning at the outset will ensure there is a realistic chance of completion in line with the goals set. Knowledge and Information gathering: Planning without the necessary information will very often prove unsuccessful. It is vital that the information is gathered and the plan drawn up based on this information. Accurate information is essential if the plan is to prove a success. Problem solving/decision making: As with any plan there are nearly always options and many ways to skin a cat This will involve decision making and problem solving which the manager can make more effectively if the correct information is in place and the correct people in the team consulted. Time prioritizing: Good time management is vital, without it the manager will become less and less effective as his or her time will be spent less and less productively. The art of successful time management is one which all successful managers must master. Training and Development: The workforce can only be as good as they training they receive and the same applies to management. Personal development and training aimed at improving managerial technique should always be encouraged. Review and Monitor: As with all managed tasks, the monitoring and review of the progress and outcome is essential if lessons are to be learned and improved techniques are to be developed. The process on review should encourage an exchange of information of all those personnel involved and sound two-way communication is essential. Goal Setting: The planning and information gathering stage will provide sufficient knowledge for a manager to set some targets and goals. If this information is accurate and the manager skilled in making judgment, a realistic goal can be set with achievable outcomes in the time given. Interpersonal Skills: The ability of the manager to relate to his staff is vital. It is this communication and personal skill which will persuade the staff member to perform for his manager, that feeling of inclusion and a belonging which the manager relays to his staff member. The successful manager needs to be caring, companionate, and where possible remain calm under a crisis. Listening skills are also essential as are negotiating skills. A good team player normally combines most of these interpersonal skills and uses them to good effect in everyday management. 3. PERSONAL SKILLS AUDIT AND PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN TABLE 1:- PERSONAL SKILLS AUDIT Skills Examples and evidence Score 1 5 (5 highest) Communication and Literacy skills Good use of written English gained from producing engineering assignments and written formal management reports during my seven years in the Aeronautical Research and Development. department at Bae Systems. Oral presentation skills adequate and improving. Many chances to practice them in seminars and presentations. Prefer making individual presentations to group presentations as then I am more in control of the structure and flow etc. In future I intend practicing any presentation that I have to give in front of a small audience of friends a few times in order to check that it has good content, structure and timing. I am also developing communication skills in a work context. Clear communication between myself and my sub contractors and boss is important. Also, am developing good interpersonal and communication skills in my contact with colleagues at work as well as in my dealings with customers. 4 Group Interpersonal Skills Working with others I have plenty of experience of working as part of a team and being an effective member of a group. This began with sport at school and continued throughout my 27 years in the armed forces where teamwork is essential and vital in certain situations. My current employment offers frequent opportunity to take part in group work as part of the weekly team planning and reporting meetings. I always try to make a positive contribution as my final decision on the outcome of the discussions will decide if the objectives are met, or not. At work, I play the lead role in decision making but consult all my team members on a democratic basis.. This ensures all the team members have a valued input and builds a healthy team ethos. I think that I am quite good at welcoming new employees and helping people to fit in and adjust to the pattern of work. I want to improve my leadership skills further through courses targeted in this area and by continuing to plan and organize team events and expeditions. 4 Organization Personal Skills Independent Learning and Working I am self-motivated as long as the task is interesting and holds my attention. The freedom to make decisions free from senior managers input helps greatly and means I can plan and schedule the work as I choose. Although I feel my Time Management is quite strong, I aim to improve my time management strategies regarding the meeting of programme deadlines for the customer. I currently hold three levels of Sports coaching award and coach Tennis at several different locations. This requires commitment and dedication as the lessons are not always charged for. I have had a number of jobs in the past two years and have been lucky in that I have had to take the responsibility and act on my own initiative in each of the roles. 3 Research Problem Solving Skills I try to view problems as challenges rather than major obstacles. I think that I am systematic and logical when it comes to thinking about problems and their solution. I have developed these skills both as an individual and as part of working in groups where the group task which we are set is frequently of a problem-solving nature, have also gained a good grasp of the processes which one needs to go through to solve problems i.e. problem definition, generating alternative solutions, selection of most appropriate response and the eventual implementation of a carefully-considered solution. 4 ICT Skills I started developing computer skills when I entered into the Research and Development department 9 years ago. I have since carried out the European Computer Driving Licence and work regularly with all MS Office products. I also use MS Project for my planning and scheduling of works but am without formal training on this software. I would like to spend some time on a placement course to improve my skills on this product. I am confident using e-mail and use it on a daily basis both to communicate with my clients, customers and sub-contractors. I also use email a great deal at home to keep in touch with my friends and family. I use the internet for research as well as online banking and booking holidays, reservations, flowers and shopping etc. 4 Application of Numerical Techniques Good basic grounding in maths skills including graphs/charts GCSE grade A and BTEC mechanical engineering. I have good skills at mental arithmetic which is vital for fast track quotations for the customer during unforeseen work and additional items not scheduled. 4 Outcome 3 PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN Task 4 Provide a personal development plan- see format supplied by Edexcel showing how you intend to use the knowledge from outcomes 1 and 2 to further enhance or develop the skills you need to improve your managerial effectiveness. This to include a statement of objectives (SMART) and a SWOT analysis.(1.3a) DELEGATION Another important technique of successful time management is the ability to delegate work effectively. Delegation, used wisely, is an essential tool of the successful manager. It can free valuable time to enable the manager to target his or her time more effectively and thereby increasing the chances of a successful outcome. Delegation should be applied using the S.M.A.R.T. principles and not over ambitious. Where: S à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Specific M à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Measurable A à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Achievable R à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Realistic T à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Time The delegation should achieve the desired results through a clear, concise brief which should match the authority and responsibility of the individual and should be used consistently and through the management/staff chain as required. Another positive outcome of successful delegation include improved flexibility within the team, upskilling, increase in morale and motivation, reduced sick leave and a improved team environment where team members feel more informed and inclusive. Task 5 Provide evidence of the monitoring and feedback undertaken where relevant and any adjustments made to the plan so that

Free Essays - The Significance of Sleep in Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

The Significance of Sleep in Macbeth The sleepless are affected by fear that kills those whom are close to the victim of sleeplessness. In the book of "Macbeth" it expresses the theme of death and fear by associating the character with the key word "sleep" and all of its associations. In "Macbeth" by William Shakespeare, various words are used that can be associated to different meanings through the different characters. The book talks about a great warrior during the medieval period that overcomes his adversaries through brutal military tactics and deceit. Macbeth stole the throne of Scotland from the rightful Prince Malcolm, and threw the country into chaos through his evil reign. His own conscious eats away at him until he reveals that he had murdered people to get to his position after which he is killed in a battle for control of Scotland and his reign ends. Through the actions and behavior of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth and their associations with fear, the reader learns that even the strongest of people have fears. Sleep is a word that is thought to be associated with rest, and being tired. But, when used through Macbeth it tends to take a whole new meaning. Macbeth is one of those characters that are violent by nature. He cannot live unless he is causing harm or death, but his own conscious eats away at him until he finally snaps, "Were the graced person of our Banquo present; who may I rather challenge for unkindness than pity for mischance!" (3.4.51-54, Macbeth p.99). After having Banquo murdered, Macbeth sees his ghost sitting at the dinner table. Macbeth grows impatient and worried, which reveals that he had a hand in Banquo's murder. Through Macbeth's actions, his wife Lady Macbeth begins to go crazy, "Out, damned spot! Out, I say! One; two." (5.1.34, Lady Macbeth p.155). Lady Macbeth is plagued with the guilt of those who have been murderd by here husband. She also realizes that she has set up her husband to die. In terms of sleep Macbeth refers to sleep as death. Which is so mething he does not fear until he realizes that he is not invincible, "I will not yield, to kiss the ground before young Malcom`s feet and to be baited with the rabble`s curse.

The Miller Essay -- essays research papers

The Miller The Miller is not in the tale, but is as vivid a creation of Chaucer as characters that are. The Knight presents us with an ideal to which he probably aspires; the Miller presents us with the real everyday world. While the Knight stresses the nature of romantic love, the Miller considers love in sexual terms. Neither view alone is wholly true. Each is a corrective to the other: love embraces both of these elements. This paper will describe The Miller’s characteristics, his humor, his education level, and his habits. Like the Wife of Bath, the Miller is a character of commanding physical presence: he is a massive man who excels in such displays of strength as wrestling matches, and breaking doors "at a renning with his heed". He is a bearded, strong, working man. By stressing the Miller's physical attributes, Chaucer suggests to the reader the idea of a down-to-earth man who takes pleasure in satisfying basic appetites. Though the Miller is a man of down-to-earth outlook and physical pleasure, he is a very intelligent man. His narrative style, if less complex and conventionally sophisticated than the Knight's, is superb in its realism, economy and control, especially of the humorous elements. The Miller is an educated man, and able to describe the paraphernalia of Nicholas's astrological activities. This rather unexpected subtlety is indicated in the final lines of the description in the General Prologue. These are introduced by "And yet..." sh...

The Art Of War :: essays research papers

The pounding of shells, the mines, the death traps, the massive, blind destruction, the acrid stench of rotting flesh, the communal graves, the charred bodies, and the fear. These are the images of war. War has changed over the centuries from battles of legions of ironclad soldiers enveloped in glimmering armor fighting for what they believe to senseless acts of guerrilla warfare against those too coward to be draft-dodgers. Those who were there, who experienced the terror first hand were deeply effected and changed forever. In their retinas, images of blood and gore are burned for the rest of their life. It has been said that there is no point in the "pretty, flowery, pastel" art that makes a person feel good. It doesn’t have any use, for the artist or the observer. Art is supposed to deal with emotion. It is one thing that helps people heal, not only by seeing, but also by doing. Art is able to take all the bad emotions, all the hurts and pains and lets you express them. It is no wonder that many that have seen the destruction of war have turned to art. You don’t see any "pretty pictures" of war. I’d like you to find one pretty aspect of war. There is none, so therefore, war, as a subject for art, is hardly ever pretty. The stories that they write, the paintings that they paint, the pictures that they take, are usually horrific scenes. Only rarely do we see pictures of triumph (i.e. raising the flag at Iwo Jima) but those scenes take place only after the aftermath. It is also no wonder that many war artists actually use their talent only during and after war. They use their art as a place for catharsis. Only after they are done healing the torment of the war, they can be done with art. One artist in World War One, Braque, fought in 1914, a year later he was wounded. During his convalescence, he painted. A year later he returned to his home. He left not a single drawing or canvas alluding to what he had been through and no representation of the war is present in his work. He made himself a fresh start, like others did. Many painted and drew what they saw and lived through. From the sketchbooks of pencil drawings done at the warfront to the canvases painted on returning home, theirs is an intense and accurate testimony.

Physical books Essay

The answer to this question is a simple yes. We shall prove in our discussion why we have chosen this answer. With advances in technology the word ‘paper’ no longer implies a material made of cellulose pulp, derived mainly from wood. As we make further advances, we see that the definition of paper has changed. Physical books that were made of paper have morphed into digital copies called e-books that are available over various mediums of communication such as the Internet or even our very mobile phones. We know that everything has a certain shelf life and if continue to use it beyond that period we will cause ourselves harm, this is also true for physical paper books, time has come to move over the paper books and to enter the world of e-books. Two of the most important factors supporting the cause of the e-book are that it saves: 1. Time and 2. Money 1. Time: In this rapid moving world we are all constantly on the move and we require information immediately, with e-books we can find the information we want immediately. Money: We all want to save money; e-books will be available at only a fraction of the price of the paper books since it will be cheap for the publishers to produce and this benefit will in turn be passed on to the consumer. Reasons for decline of paper books and the popularity of e-books are obvious: 1. E-books can be view almost instantaneously: One can browse through the thousands of e-books available on the Internet by just typing the keywords and purchase the e-book we want by using our credit cards and download the e-book immediately, thus we are saving a lot of overhead costs. 2. E-books cheaper for the publisher to publish as various overhead costs are minimized: Various overheads costs such as huge and expensive printing machinery and their maintenance will disappear; also there will not be need of a large work force to manufacture e-books. 3. E-books cheaper for the consumer to purchase than physical paper books: Since the manufacturing costs of the publishers will be minimized, this will be passed down to the consumer. Thus the consumer will enjoy great savings. 4. E-books can reach a much larger audience worldwide: E-books can be launched instantaneously through out the world; there will be no waiting to buy our copy of the e-book. Also many times a physical paper book is not available in all parts of the world, but this will not be a problem with e-books. 5. E-books are environment friendly: Unlike physical books made from paper, which is derived from timber, e-books don’t need the resources of nature to be made. Thus we will be saving thousands of trees every year and thus reducing the greenhouse effect and making the earth a green place to live in. 6. We can have thousands e-books in our digital device: We can literally have thousands of e-books in our digital device such as a laptop or a computer. The number of e-books is only limited by the storage capacity of our computer or laptop. This is impossible with physical paper books. Can you imagine a person moving around with a library of paper books? But we can move around with our library of e-books on our laptop anywhere! Conclusion: We as humans should be ready to accept the change of books from the physical to the virtual. Are we truly ready to leave the paper copies of the great novels and instead view them as e-books? Some have even said that if we do this we’ll be disrespecting the great authors and poets, but as we wait, the world around us rapidly changing. In the end we may have no choice but to accept the e-book as it gains popularity and following every passing day. This it’s only a matter of time before the paper books are replaced by e-books. Thus we have observed and noted from the above examples that the books made of paper are on their way out and the time of the e-book has arrived. (Sam Kleinman 2007) Works Cited 1. ZATZ Publishing (2007) Print books vs. e-books by Sam Kleinman, page 1[last updated 2007] [Online] Available from: 2. ZATZ Publishing (2007) ZATZ Publishing (2007) Print books vs. e-books by Sam Kleinman, page 2 [last updated 2007] [Online] Available from:

Articles of Confederation : an Ineffective Government

Articles of union An inefficacious G totally oernment Whoever said that the Articles of league countenanced the fall in States with an effective presidency was completely incorrect. The unify States were non united at a lower place this administration. The linked States could non rise up for itself against early(a) countries. Also, the unify States were not stable economically beneath the Articles of federation. The Articles of Confederation did not provide a sober political relation for America. to a lower place the Articles of Confederation, the unite States were not united at all.The Articles of Confederation created a commutation politics that was not strong at all. The government established a impose quota for all(prenominal) of the posits and asked them please to contribute their sh are on a voluntary basis. They were lucky if the call downs paid one-fourth of the quested amount. America had comely gotten away from England and all of its imposee s, so there was no origin to let their sustain government do the same. In rump Jays letter to George Washington in 1786, he says that he is more demented about impending crisis ca apply by the Articles of Confederation than he was about the Revolutionary War.He was apprehension that around people were not in agreement with the government and cute it to be completely gone. He was worried for a good suit because three eld earlier there was an attempt by a group of farmers from Pennsylvania to triumph the government out of Philadelphia. Also, the states acted identical their accept countries and only looked out for themselves. Rhode Island is a good example of this because they rejected a request by Congress to put a tax on imported goods. They ignored the fact that America was in a massive amount of debt to the Spanish, French and Dutch.They chose to best(p) themselves rather than to better the country. They said that the tax would be hard on their state and would go ag ainst the constitution of their state. Rhode Island denied a tax that was suggested by the countrys central government because it conflicted with their own government. Also, based on the map of WESTERN LANDS CEDED BY THE STATES, the states were claiming territories as their own and not as a whole nation. Virginia claimed more than two-thirds of the Northwest dirt from the some other states. on that point were besides disputes over boundaries and taxes put on goods from state to state.New York taxed firewood from computed axial tomography and cabbage from New Jersey at one time. Also, there were a a couple of(prenominal) rebellions. A noticeable one was daybeds Rebellion, which had debt-ridden farmers tried to free themselves from the demands of the government. all(prenominal) these different conflicts and incidents point to the nation being not united due to the faint-heartedness of the Articles of Confederation. While under the Articles of Confederation, the unify State s could not stand up for itself. The Articles of Confederation stop the country from successfully raising an army.To do so, the government had to ask the state to join their troop quotas, which usually did not happen. The government had no power to enforce this. The weak central government also did not watch the power to back its contradictory policies with military strength. John Jay had experienced other nations not taking the unite States sternly. When Jay negotiated with the Spanish Minister de Gardoqui, he attempted to line up use of the Mississippi, which had been closed to American business in 1784. Jay said that the Spanish should be careful because the American state was outgrowth rapidly and de Gardoqui denied him.The minister of Spain said that the Americans should renounce their right to navigate the Mississippi. Despite Jays warning, the Spanish Minister refused to take the join States naughtily. Since the Articles of Confederation would not allow the governm ent to raise an army effectively, Spain had no reason to take the fall in States seriously. The country had no way of standing up for itself. England matte that America stabbed them in the back and for that, did not send a minister to the not bad(p) for eight years.England poked fun at how lilliputian unity the states had by saying that if they move one minister, they might as well(p) send thirteen. John Jay gave specific instruction manual to the United States Minister to England. He wanted the minister to be very venerating and make the United States look better. Since the United States could not actually stand up for itself under the Articles of Confederation, Jay wanted it to look like they did. Also, Spain gave the United States trouble. Spain took Florida which had been given to the United States by England in 1783.No country took the United States seriously and would continue to walk all over them until the United States could stand up for itself. The United States wer e not economically stable era under the Articles of Confederation. One main reason for economic struggle was that there were so m whatever types of currency being used that trade with other states was near impossible. There were fourteen total types of currency, one from distributively state and the rarely used Continental. The Articles of Confederation did not allow the government to function commerce.This left states free to make different, very much contradicting, laws of navigation and trading. With all of this conflict, making money was very difficult because one state always had to pay another for some navigation law to do any trading at all. The Articles of Confederation also left the government unable to levy taxes. The government could ask the states nicely, but couldnt actually enforce the payment. Another economic struggle was caused by European countries much(prenominal) as England and Spain. England declined to make a commercial-grade treaty and also would not co me to its old navigation laws.England was just nerve-racking to be a thorn in the side of the United States. If the United States were under a better government, they could make up for the monetary losses to England by levying taxes of their own. base on the chart showing the United States value of exports to England and population, it seems like the numbers are all over the place. The export net are never constantly increase even though the population is increasing. Usually, if the population goes up, so do the number of goods exported and prices pass on go down.That is true for this time period, however, England is not buying all that the United States have to export. The central government of the United States cannot form trade at all and it is profoundly affecting the increases. Also, Spain closing the Mississippi River does not help the American trade. The entire Hesperian part of the United States uses that river for exporting. That cut aside a large amount of profit for Americans. None of that would have happened if the United States were under a stronger government than the Articles of Confederation provided.The Articles of Confederation did not help American trade. whatsoever people may have thought that the Articles of Confederation provided an effective government, but they did not. The United States were not united at all under the Articles of Confederation. The United States could not stand up for itself and be taken seriously under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation caused the United States to be economically unstable. The Articles of Confederation never provided the United States with an effective government.